Circumcision: Pros and Cons Compared (2026 Update)
Circumcision: Pros and Cons Compared (2026 Update)
Circumcision (medically: Zirkumzision) is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures worldwide. Approximately 30% of all men are circumcised – for religious, cultural, or medical reasons. But how sensible is the procedure really?
In this evidence-based guide, we analyze all the pros and cons of circumcision and present modern alternatives.
What is Circumcision?
During circumcision, the foreskin of the penis is partially or completely removed. The procedure lasts 30-60 minutes and is usually performed as an outpatient procedure.
Types of Circumcision
- Complete Circumcision: Complete removal of the foreskin
- Partial Circumcision: Only the tip of the foreskin is removed
- Radical Circumcision: Foreskin + frenulum are removed
The 7 Main Advantages of Circumcision
1. Reduced HIV Risk (-60%)
Several large African studies showed that circumcision reduces the risk of HIV infection in heterosexual men by about 60%. The WHO therefore recommends circumcision in high-risk areas.
Important: In Europe, with low HIV rates, the effect is less relevant. Condoms offer better protection (95-98%).
2. Fewer Urinary Tract Infections (in Children)
In infants, circumcision reduces the risk of urinary tract infections by 90% (from 1% to 0.1%). In adults, the effect is negligible.
3. No Phimosis Risk
Circumcised men cannot develop foreskin narrowing (phimosis) because the foreskin is absent. However, phimosis affects only 1-2% of men.
4. Easier Hygiene
Without a foreskin, no smegma (sebaceous deposits) collects under the foreskin. However, daily washing is completely sufficient for uncircumcised men.
5. Increased Stamina During Sex
Keratinization (hardening) of the glans makes it less sensitive. Many circumcised men report 3-5x longer stamina.
But: Some perceive this as a disadvantage (see below).
6. Reduced Penile Cancer Risk
Penile cancer is extremely rare (1:100,000). Circumcision lowers the risk by about 50%, which is absolutely minimal (from 0.001% to 0.0005%).
7. Aesthetics
In some cultures (USA, Muslim countries), the circumcised penis is considered more aesthetic. However, this is purely subjective.
The 10 Main Disadvantages of Circumcision
1. Irreversible
A circumcision cannot be reversed. The foreskin is permanently removed.
2. Pain and Healing Time
- Acute Pain: 7-14 days
- Complete Healing: 4-6 weeks
- No Sex/Sports: 4-6 weeks
3. Risk of Complications (2-10%)
Possible complications:
- Post-operative bleeding (2-5%)
- Infections (1-3%)
- Too much/too little foreskin removed (1-2%)
- Scar overgrowth (1%)
- Loss of sensitivity (variable)
4. Reduced Sensitivity
The glans loses 20-75% of its sensitivity due to keratinization. Some men perceive this as an advantage (longer stamina), others as a disadvantage (less pleasure).
Study situation: Controversial. Some studies find no difference, others significant reduction.
5. Loss of Lubricating Function
The foreskin serves as a natural "lubricant" during sex. After circumcision, more friction can occur, which can be uncomfortable for both partners.
6. High Costs
- Private: 500-2,000€
- Health insurance coverage: Only with medical indication (phimosis, balanitis)
- Waiting time (health insurance): 6-12 months
7. Anesthesia Risk
Every general anesthesia carries a small risk (1:10,000 for severe complications).
8. Psychological Effects
Some men later regret circumcision, especially if they were circumcised as children without their own consent.
9. Dry Glans
Without the protection of the foreskin, the glans can dry out and crack. Moisturizing creams may be necessary.
10. Ethical Concerns
Non-medical circumcisions of children violate the child's bodily autonomy. Many ethicists advocate for allowing circumcisions only from the age of 14-18.
Comparison Table: Circumcised vs. Uncircumcised
| Aspect | Circumcised | Uncircumcised |
|---|---|---|
| HIV Risk | -60% (Africa) | Baseline |
| Hygiene | Easier | Daily washing needed |
| Sensitivity | Reduced (20-75%) | High |
| Stamina | Longer (3-5x) | Shorter |
| Phimosis Risk | 0% | 1-2% |
| Complications | 2-10% (Surgery) | 0% |
| Costs | €500-€2,000 | €0 |
| Reversibility | No | - |
| Healing Time | 4-6 weeks | - |
Modern Alternatives to Circumcision
1. Apollon Fold Technique
For whom: Men without phimosis who want the circumcised look
- Cost: €19.99 (one-time)
- Pain: None
- Reversible: Yes
- Result: Looks circumcised, foreskin remains intact
Advantages:
- Keratinization of the glans (longer stamina)
- Circumcised look
- No surgery, no pain
- 100% reversible
Disadvantages:
- Does not work with phimosis
- Requires daily application (first 2-4 weeks)
2. Preputioplasty
For whom: Men with phimosis who want to keep their foreskin
- Cost: €500-€1,500
- Success Rate: 90-95%
- Healing Time: 2-3 weeks
3. Laser Circumcision
More modern technique with less bleeding and faster healing. Cost: €800-€2,500.
Circumcision: Yes or No? Decision Aid
Circumcision is advisable for:
✅ Medical Reasons:
- Phimosis (after failed conservative methods)
- Recurrent balanitis (inflammation of the glans)
- Lichen sclerosus (skin condition)
- Paraphimosis (emergency)
✅ Personal Reasons (only for adults):
- Religious/cultural conviction
- Aesthetic preference
- Desire for longer stamina
Circumcision is NOT advisable for:
❌ Prevention (with low risk):
- HIV prevention in Europe (condoms are more effective)
- Penile cancer prevention (extremely rare)
- Hygiene (daily washing is sufficient)
❌ Children without medical indication:
- Ethically controversial
- Child cannot consent
- Irreversible
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Does a circumcision hurt? During surgery: No (anesthesia). Afterwards: Yes, 7-14 days of moderate to severe pain.
How long does healing take? 4-6 weeks until complete healing. No sex/sports during this time.
Can a circumcision be reversed? No. While "foreskin reconstruction" exists, the result is never like before.
Is circumcision more hygienic? Minimally. Daily washing with water is entirely sufficient for uncircumcised men.
Do you lose sensitivity? Yes, most studies show a reduction of 20-75%. Some men perceive this as an advantage (longer stamina).
Conclusion: Circumcision only with clear indication
Circumcision is an irreversible procedure with real advantages and disadvantages. The decision should be well-considered:
Recommendation:
- For phimosis: First try conservative methods (stretching + cortisone)
- For a circumcised look: Apollon Fold as a reversible alternative
- For medical necessity: Circumcision or preputioplasty
- For children: Only with compelling medical indication
Important Note: This article does not replace medical advice. Consult a urologist for questions.